:: The Relevance of Measure and Probability and Definition of Completeness :: of Probability :: by Bo Zhang , Hiroshi Yamazaki and Yatsuka Nakamura :: :: Received November 23, 2005 :: Copyright (c) 2005-2012 Association of Mizar Users :: (Stowarzyszenie Uzytkownikow Mizara, Bialystok, Poland). :: This code can be distributed under the GNU General Public Licence :: version 3.0 or later, or the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike :: License version 3.0 or later, subject to the binding interpretation :: detailed in file COPYING.interpretation. :: See COPYING.GPL and COPYING.CC-BY-SA for the full text of these :: licenses, or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html and :: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. environ vocabularies NUMBERS, SUBSET_1, PROB_1, XBOOLE_0, TARSKI, FUNCT_1, RELAT_1, NAT_1, PROB_2, FUNCOP_1, FUNCT_7, CARD_1, XXREAL_0, ARYTM_3, ZFMISC_1, CARD_3, EQREL_1, RPR_1, ARYTM_1, SERIES_1, SEQ_2, ORDINAL2, PROB_3, SUPINF_2, REAL_1, XXREAL_2, SUPINF_1, ORDINAL1, MEASURE1, MEASURE6, VALUED_0, SETFAM_1, MEASURE3, PROB_4, SEQ_4; notations TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, REAL_1, CARD_3, ORDINAL1, MEASURE3, SUPINF_2, XXREAL_0, XXREAL_2, NAT_1, SEQ_2, SETFAM_1, FUNCT_1, RELSET_1, SUBSET_1, NUMBERS, SUPINF_1, PARTFUN1, FUNCT_2, FUNCT_7, PROB_1, PROB_3, MEASURE1, FUNCOP_1, SEQM_3, SERIES_1, RINFSUP1, ZFMISC_1, MEASURE6, PROB_2; constructors REAL_1, SERIES_1, MEASURE3, MEASURE6, PARTFUN3, KURATO_0, RINFSUP1, PROB_3, SEQ_1, SUPINF_1, FUNCT_7, RELSET_1, COMSEQ_2; registrations SUBSET_1, RELAT_1, ORDINAL1, FUNCT_2, NUMBERS, XXREAL_0, XREAL_0, NAT_1, MEMBERED, MEASURE1, MEASURE3, VALUED_0, SEQ_2, SEQ_4, FUNCT_7, PROB_1, RELSET_1, PROB_3; requirements REAL, NUMERALS, BOOLE, SUBSET, ARITHM; definitions TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, SERIES_1, SUBSET_1, PROB_3; theorems FUNCT_1, FUNCT_2, SEQ_1, SEQ_2, XREAL_1, NAT_1, TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, XBOOLE_1, PROB_2, RINFSUP1, SUPINF_2, SEQM_3, CARD_3, SETLIM_1, PROB_1, SERIES_1, PROB_3, MEASURE1, MEASURE3, MEASURE6, ZFMISC_1, XXREAL_0, ORDINAL1, NUMBERS, XXREAL_2, FUNCT_7, DYNKIN, VALUED_0, FUNCOP_1, RELAT_1; schemes FUNCT_2, NAT_1, XBOOLE_0; begin reserve n,m,k for Element of NAT, x,X for set, A1 for SetSequence of X, Si for SigmaField of X, XSeq for SetSequence of Si; reserve Omega for non empty set, Sigma for SigmaField of Omega, ASeq for SetSequence of Sigma, P for Probability of Sigma; Lm1: for A,B,C being set holds C c= B implies A \ C = (A \ B) \/ (A /\ (B \ C) ) proof let A,B,C be set; assume A1: C c= B; thus A \ C c= (A \ B) \/ (A /\ (B \ C)) proof let x be set; assume x in A \ C; then x in A & not x in B or x in A & x in B & not x in C by XBOOLE_0:def 5; then x in A \ B or x in A & x in B \ C by XBOOLE_0:def 5; then x in A \ B or x in A /\ (B \ C) by XBOOLE_0:def 4; hence thesis by XBOOLE_0:def 3; end; let x be set; assume x in (A \ B) \/ (A /\ (B \ C)); then x in A \ B or x in (A /\ (B \ C)) by XBOOLE_0:def 3; then A2: x in A \ B or x in A & x in B \ C by XBOOLE_0:def 4; then not x in C by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 5; hence thesis by A2,XBOOLE_0:def 5; end; definition let X,Si,XSeq,n; redefine func XSeq.n -> Element of Si; coherence proof thus XSeq.n is Element of Si; end; end; theorem Th1: rng XSeq c= Si proof let x; assume x in rng XSeq; then ex n st x = XSeq.n by SETLIM_1:4; hence thesis; end; theorem Th2: for f being Function holds f is SetSequence of Si iff f is Function of NAT,Si proof let f be Function; thus f is SetSequence of Si implies f is Function of NAT,Si proof assume f is SetSequence of Si; then reconsider f as SetSequence of Si; rng f c= Si & dom f = NAT by Th1,FUNCT_2:def 1; hence thesis by FUNCT_2:2; end; assume A1: f is Function of NAT,Si; then reconsider f as SetSequence of X by FUNCT_2:7; f is SetSequence of Si by A1; hence thesis; end; scheme LambdaSigmaSSeq { X() -> set, Si() -> SigmaField of X(), F(set) -> Element of Si() } : ex f being SetSequence of Si() st for n holds f.n = F(n) proof ex f being SetSequence of X() st for n holds f.n = F(n) from FUNCT_2:sch 4; then consider f be SetSequence of X() such that A1: for n holds f.n = F(n); for n being Nat holds f.n in Si() proof let n be Nat; n in NAT by ORDINAL1:def 12; then f.n = F(n) by A1; hence thesis; end; then rng f c= Si() by NAT_1:52; then reconsider f as SetSequence of Si() by RELAT_1:def 19; take f; thus thesis by A1; end; registration let X; cluster disjoint_valued for SetSequence of X; existence proof take A1 = NAT --> {}X; for m,n being Nat st m <> n holds A1.m misses A1.n proof let m,n be Nat; m in NAT by ORDINAL1:def 12; then A1.m = {} by FUNCOP_1:7; hence thesis by XBOOLE_1:65; end; hence thesis by PROB_3:def 4; end; end; registration let X,Si; cluster disjoint_valued for SetSequence of Si; existence proof reconsider MSi = Si as SigmaField of X; set f = the disjoint_valued Function of NAT,MSi; reconsider f as SetSequence of Si by Th2; take f; thus thesis; end; end; theorem Th3: for A, B being Subset of X st A misses B holds (A,B) followed_by {} is disjoint_valued proof let A,B be Subset of X; reconsider A1 = (A,B) followed_by {}X as SetSequence of X; assume A1: A misses B; A1 is disjoint_valued proof A2: A1.1 = B by FUNCT_7:123; let m,n be Nat such that A3: m <> n; A4: A1.0 = A by FUNCT_7:122; per cases; suppose A5: m = 0; then n >= 1 by A3,NAT_1:14; then A6: n + 1 > 1 by NAT_1:13; per cases by A6,NAT_1:22; suppose n > 1; then A1.n = {} by FUNCT_7:124; hence thesis by XBOOLE_1:65; end; suppose n = 1; hence thesis by A1,A4,A5,FUNCT_7:123; end; end; suppose A7: m <> 0 & m = 1; n >= 1 or n <= 1; then A8: n + 1 > 1 or n < 1 + 1 by NAT_1:13; per cases by A3,A7,A8,NAT_1:14,22; suppose n > 1; then A1.n = {} by FUNCT_7:124; hence thesis by XBOOLE_1:65; end; suppose n = 0; hence thesis by A1,A4,A2,A7; end; end; suppose A9: m <> 0 & m <> 1; then m >= 1 by NAT_1:14; then m +1 > 1 by NAT_1:13; then A1.m = {} by A9,FUNCT_7:124,NAT_1:22; hence thesis by XBOOLE_1:65; end; end; hence thesis; end; theorem Th4: for S being non empty set holds S is SigmaField of X iff S c= bool X & (for A1 being SetSequence of X st rng A1 c= S holds Union A1 in S) & for A being Subset of X st A in S holds A` in S proof let S be non empty set; thus S is SigmaField of X implies S c= bool X & (for A1 being SetSequence of X st rng A1 c= S holds Union A1 in S) & for A being Subset of X st A in S holds A` in S proof assume S is SigmaField of X; then reconsider S as SigmaField of X; for A1 being SetSequence of X st rng A1 c= S holds Union A1 in S proof let A1 be SetSequence of X; assume rng A1 c= S; then reconsider A1 as SetSequence of S by RELAT_1:def 19; Union A1 in S by PROB_1:17; hence thesis; end; hence thesis by PROB_1:15; end; assume that A1: S c= bool X and A2: for A1 being SetSequence of X st rng A1 c= S holds Union A1 in S and A3: for A being Subset of X st A in S holds A` in S; for A1 being SetSequence of X st rng A1 c= S holds Intersection A1 in S proof let A1 be SetSequence of X such that A4: rng A1 c= S; for n being Nat holds (Complement A1).n in S proof let n be Nat; reconsider n1=n as Element of NAT by ORDINAL1:def 12; A1.n in rng A1 by NAT_1:51; then (A1.n1)` in S by A3,A4; hence thesis by PROB_1:def 2; end; then rng Complement A1 c= S by NAT_1:52; then (Union Complement A1)` in S by A2,A3; hence thesis by PROB_1:def 3; end; hence thesis by A1,A3,PROB_1:15; end; theorem Th5: for A,B being Event of Sigma holds P.(A \ B) = P.(A \/ B) - P.B proof let A,B be Event of Sigma; P.(A \/ B) - P.B = P.B + P.(A \ B) - P.B by PROB_1:36; hence thesis; end; theorem Th6: for A,B being Event of Sigma st A c= B & P.B = 0 holds P.A = 0 proof let A,B be Event of Sigma; assume A c= B & P.B = 0; then P.A <= 0 by PROB_1:34; hence thesis by PROB_1:def 8; end; theorem Th7: (for n holds P.(ASeq.n) = 0) iff P.(Union ASeq) = 0 proof hereby assume A1: for n holds P.(ASeq.n) = 0; for n holds Partial_Sums(P * ASeq).n = 0 proof defpred P[Element of NAT] means Partial_Sums(P * ASeq).$1 = 0; A2: for k st P[k] holds P[k+1] proof let k such that A3: P[k]; thus Partial_Sums(P * ASeq).(k+1) = Partial_Sums(P * ASeq).k + (P * ASeq).(k+1) by SERIES_1:def 1 .= 0 + P.(ASeq.(k+1)) by A3,FUNCT_2:15 .= 0 by A1; end; Partial_Sums(P * ASeq).0 = (P * ASeq).0 by SERIES_1:def 1 .= P.(ASeq.0) by FUNCT_2:15 .= 0 by A1; then A4: P[0]; thus for k holds P[k] from NAT_1:sch 1(A4,A2); end; then for n st 0 <= n holds Partial_Sums(P * ASeq).n = 0; then A5: Partial_Sums(P * ASeq) is convergent & lim Partial_Sums(P * ASeq) = 0 by PROB_1:1; now let n; (Partial_Diff_Union ASeq).n c= ASeq.n by PROB_3:33; hence (P * Partial_Diff_Union ASeq).n <= (P * ASeq).n by PROB_3:5; end; then A6: for n holds (Partial_Sums(P * Partial_Diff_Union ASeq)).n <= ( Partial_Sums(P * ASeq)).n by SERIES_1:14; Partial_Sums(P * Partial_Diff_Union ASeq) is convergent by PROB_3:45; then Sum (P * Partial_Diff_Union ASeq) <= 0 by A5,A6,SEQ_2:18; then P.(Union Partial_Diff_Union ASeq) <= 0 by PROB_3:46; then A7: P.(Union ASeq) <= 0 by PROB_3:36; Union ASeq is Event of Sigma by PROB_1:26; hence P.(Union ASeq) = 0 by A7,PROB_1:def 8; end; assume A8: P.(Union ASeq) = 0; hereby reconsider Y2 = Union ASeq as Event of Sigma by PROB_1:26; let n; reconsider Y1 = ASeq.n as Event of Sigma; ASeq.n in rng ASeq by SETLIM_1:4; then ASeq.n c= union rng ASeq by ZFMISC_1:74; then Y1 c= Y2 by CARD_3:def 4; hence P.(ASeq.n) = 0 by A8,Th6; end; end; theorem Th8: (for A being set st A in rng ASeq holds P.A = 0) iff P.(union rng ASeq) = 0 proof hereby assume A1: for A being set st A in rng ASeq holds P.A = 0; for n holds P.(ASeq.n) = 0 proof let n; ASeq.n in rng ASeq by SETLIM_1:4; hence thesis by A1; end; then P.(Union ASeq) = 0 by Th7; hence P.(union rng ASeq) = 0 by CARD_3:def 4; end; assume P.(union rng ASeq) = 0; then A2: P.(Union ASeq) = 0 by CARD_3:def 4; hereby let A be set; assume A in rng ASeq; then ex n1 being Element of NAT st A = ASeq.n1 by SETLIM_1:4; hence P.A = 0 by A2,Th7; end; end; theorem Th9: for seq being Function of NAT,REAL, Eseq being Function of NAT, ExtREAL st seq = Eseq holds Partial_Sums seq = Ser Eseq proof let seq be Function of NAT,REAL, Eseq be Function of NAT,ExtREAL such that A1: seq = Eseq; reconsider Ps = Partial_Sums seq as Function of NAT, ExtREAL by FUNCT_2:7 ,NUMBERS:31; defpred P[Element of NAT] means Ps.$1 = (Ser Eseq).$1; A2: for k st P[k] holds P[k+1] proof let k such that A3: Ps.k = (Ser Eseq).k; Ps.k = (Partial_Sums seq).k; then reconsider Psk = Ps.k as Real; Ps.(k+1) = Psk + seq.(k+1) & (Ser Eseq).(k+1) = (Ser Eseq).k + Eseq.(k +1) by SERIES_1:def 1,SUPINF_2:44; hence thesis by A1,A3,SUPINF_2:1; end; Ps.0 = Eseq.0 by A1,SERIES_1:def 1 .= (Ser Eseq).0 by SUPINF_2:44; then A4: P[0]; for k holds P[k] from NAT_1:sch 1(A4,A2); hence thesis by FUNCT_2:63; end; theorem Th10: for seq being Function of NAT,REAL, Eseq being Function of NAT, ExtREAL st seq = Eseq & seq is bounded_above holds upper_bound seq = sup rng Eseq proof let seq be Function of NAT,REAL, Eseq be Function of NAT,ExtREAL such that A1: seq = Eseq and A2: seq is bounded_above; reconsider s = upper_bound seq as R_eal by XXREAL_0:def 1; A3: dom Eseq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; A4: rng Eseq <> {-infty} proof assume rng Eseq = {-infty}; then reconsider k1 = -infty as Element of rng Eseq by TARSKI:def 1; consider n1 being set such that A5: n1 in NAT and Eseq.n1 = k1 by A3,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider n1 as Element of NAT by A5; seq.n1 = k1 by A1; hence contradiction; end; for x being ext-real number holds x in rng Eseq implies x <= s proof let x be ext-real number; assume x in rng Eseq; then ex n1 being set st n1 in NAT & Eseq.n1 = x by A3,FUNCT_1:def 3; hence thesis by A1,A2,RINFSUP1:7; end; then A6: s is UpperBound of rng Eseq by XXREAL_2:def 1; then A7: rng Eseq is bounded_above by XXREAL_2:def 10; A8: s <= sup rng Eseq proof reconsider r1=sup rng Eseq as Real by A7,A4,XXREAL_2:57; sup rng Eseq is UpperBound of rng Eseq by XXREAL_2:def 3; then for n holds seq.n <= r1 by A1,A3,FUNCT_1:3,XXREAL_2:def 1; hence thesis by RINFSUP1:9; end; sup rng Eseq <= s by A6,XXREAL_2:def 3; hence thesis by A8,XXREAL_0:1; end; theorem Th11: for seq being Function of NAT,REAL, Eseq being Function of NAT, ExtREAL st seq = Eseq & seq is bounded_below holds lower_bound seq = inf rng Eseq proof let seq be Function of NAT,REAL, Eseq be Function of NAT,ExtREAL such that A1: seq = Eseq and A2: seq is bounded_below; reconsider s=lower_bound seq as R_eal by XXREAL_0:def 1; A3: dom Eseq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; A4: rng Eseq <> {+infty} proof assume rng Eseq = {+infty}; then reconsider k1 = +infty as Element of rng Eseq by TARSKI:def 1; consider n1 being set such that A5: n1 in NAT and Eseq.n1 = k1 by A3,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider n1 as Element of NAT by A5; seq.n1 = k1 by A1; hence contradiction; end; for x being ext-real number holds x in rng Eseq implies s <= x proof let x be ext-real number; assume x in rng Eseq; then ex n1 being set st n1 in NAT & Eseq.n1 = x by A3,FUNCT_1:def 3; hence thesis by A1,A2,RINFSUP1:8; end; then A6: s is LowerBound of rng Eseq by XXREAL_2:def 2; then A7: rng Eseq is bounded_below by XXREAL_2:def 9; A8: inf rng Eseq <= s proof reconsider r1=inf rng Eseq as Real by A7,A4,XXREAL_2:58; inf rng Eseq is LowerBound of rng Eseq by XXREAL_2:def 4; then for n holds r1 <= seq.n by A1,A3,FUNCT_1:3,XXREAL_2:def 2; hence thesis by RINFSUP1:10; end; s <= inf rng Eseq by A6,XXREAL_2:def 4; hence thesis by A8,XXREAL_0:1; end; theorem Th12: for seq being Function of NAT,REAL, Eseq being Function of NAT, ExtREAL st seq = Eseq & seq is nonnegative summable holds Sum seq = SUM Eseq proof let seq be Function of NAT,REAL, Eseq be Function of NAT,ExtREAL such that A1: seq = Eseq and A2: seq is nonnegative summable; A3: for n holds seq.n >= 0 by A2,RINFSUP1:def 3; Partial_Sums seq is convergent by A2,SERIES_1:def 2; then A4: Partial_Sums seq is bounded; then upper_bound Partial_Sums seq = sup rng Ser Eseq by A1,Th9,Th10; then upper_bound Partial_Sums seq = SUM Eseq by SUPINF_2:def 17; hence thesis by A4,A3,RINFSUP1:24,SERIES_1:16; end; theorem Th13: P is sigma_Measure of Sigma proof set Z = Sigma; reconsider P1 = P as Function of Z,ExtREAL by FUNCT_2:7,NUMBERS:31; for x being R_eal holds x in rng P1 implies 0. <= x proof let x be R_eal; assume A1: x in rng P1; dom P1 = Sigma by FUNCT_2:def 1; then consider y being set such that A2: y in Sigma and A3: P1.y = x by A1,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider y1=y as Event of Sigma by A2; 0 <= P.y1 by PROB_1:def 8; hence thesis by A3; end; then A4: rng P1 is nonnegative by SUPINF_2:def 9; for F being Sep_Sequence of Z holds SUM(P1 * F) = P1.(union rng F) proof let F be Sep_Sequence of Z; reconsider F2=F as disjoint_valued SetSequence of Sigma by Th2; for n holds (P * F2).n >= 0 by PROB_3:4; then A5: P * F2 is nonnegative by RINFSUP1:def 3; Partial_Sums(P * F2) is convergent by PROB_3:45; then P * F2 is summable by SERIES_1:def 2; then P.(Union F2) = Sum(P * F2) & Sum(P * F2) = SUM(P1 * F) by A5,Th12, PROB_3:46; hence thesis by CARD_3:def 4; end; hence thesis by A4,MEASURE1:def 6,SUPINF_2:def 16; end; definition let Omega,Sigma,P; func P2M(P) -> sigma_Measure of Sigma equals P; coherence by Th13; end; theorem Th14: for X being non empty set, S being SigmaField of X, M being sigma_Measure of S st M.X = R_EAL(1) holds M is Probability of S proof let X be non empty set, S be SigmaField of X, M be sigma_Measure of S such that A1: M.X = R_EAL(1); A2: for A being Element of S holds M.A <= R_EAL(1) proof reconsider X as Element of S by PROB_1:5; let A be Element of S; M.A <= M.X by MEASURE1:31; hence thesis by A1; end; A3: for x st x in S holds M.x in REAL proof let x; assume x in S; then reconsider x as Element of S; A4: R_EAL(1) is Real & 0 is Real by MEASURE6:def 1; 0. <= M.x & M.x <= R_EAL(1) by A2,MEASURE1:def 2; hence thesis by A4,XXREAL_0:45; end; dom M = S by FUNCT_2:def 1; then reconsider P1 = M as Function of S,REAL by A3,FUNCT_2:3; reconsider P1 as Function of S,REAL; A5: for ASeq being SetSequence of S st ASeq is non-ascending holds P1 * ASeq is convergent & lim (P1 * ASeq) = P1.Intersection ASeq proof let ASeq be SetSequence of S such that A6: ASeq is non-ascending; for n holds 0 <= (P1 * ASeq).n proof let n; reconsider A = ASeq.n as Event of S; 0 <= P1.A & dom (P1 * ASeq) = NAT by MEASURE1:def 2,SEQ_1:1; hence thesis by FUNCT_1:12; end; then A7: P1*ASeq is bounded_below by RINFSUP1:10; reconsider F = ASeq as Function of NAT,S by Th2; A8: for n being Element of NAT holds F.(n+1) c= F.n by A6,PROB_2:6; A9: M.(F.0) <+infty by A3,XXREAL_0:9; now let n; dom (M*F) = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; then A10: (M*F).n = M.(F.n) & (M*F).(n+1) = M.(F.(n+1)) by FUNCT_1:12; F.(n+1) c= F.n by A6,PROB_2:6; hence (P1*ASeq).(n+1) <= (P1*ASeq).n by A10,MEASURE1:31; end; then A11: P1*ASeq is non-increasing by SEQM_3:def 9; then lim (P1*ASeq) = lower_bound (P1*ASeq) by A7,RINFSUP1:25 .= inf(rng (M*F)) by A7,Th11; then lim (P1 * ASeq) = M.(meet rng F) by A8,A9,MEASURE3:12 .= P1.Intersection ASeq by SETLIM_1:8; hence thesis by A7,A11; end; A12: for A,B being Event of S st A misses B holds P1.(A \/ B) = P1.A + P1.B proof let A,B be Event of S such that A13: A misses B; reconsider A, B as Element of S; reconsider A2 = A, B2 = B as Element of S; P1.(A \/ B) = M.A2 + M.B2 by A13,MEASURE1:30 .= P1.A + P1.B by SUPINF_2:1; hence thesis; end; ( for A being Event of S holds 0 <= P1.A)& P1.X = 1 by A1,MEASURE1:def 2 ,MEASURE6:def 1; hence thesis by A12,A5,PROB_1:def 8; end; definition let X be non empty set, S be SigmaField of X, M be sigma_Measure of S; assume A1: M.X = R_EAL(1); func M2P(M) -> Probability of S equals M; coherence by A1,Th14; end; Lm2: A1 is non-descending implies for n holds (Partial_Union A1).n = A1.n proof defpred P[Element of NAT] means (Partial_Union A1).$1 = A1.$1; assume A1: A1 is non-descending; A2: for k st P[k] holds P[k+1] proof let k such that A3: P[k]; A4: A1.k c= A1.(k+1) by A1,PROB_2:7; thus (Partial_Union A1).(k+1) = A1.k \/ A1.(k+1) by A3,PROB_3:def 2 .= A1.(k+1) by A4,XBOOLE_1:12; end; A5: P[0] by PROB_3:def 2; thus for k holds P[k] from NAT_1:sch 1(A5,A2); end; theorem Th15: A1 is non-descending implies Partial_Union A1 = A1 proof assume A1 is non-descending; then for n holds (Partial_Union A1).n = A1.n by Lm2; hence thesis by FUNCT_2:63; end; theorem Th16: A1 is non-descending implies (Partial_Diff_Union A1).0 = A1.0 & for n holds (Partial_Diff_Union A1).(n+1) = A1.(n+1) \ A1.n proof assume A1: A1 is non-descending; thus (Partial_Diff_Union A1).0 = A1.0 by PROB_3:def 3; thus for n holds (Partial_Diff_Union A1).(n+1) = A1.(n+1) \ A1.n proof let n; thus (Partial_Diff_Union A1).(n+1) = A1.(n+1) \ (Partial_Union A1).n by PROB_3:def 3 .= A1.(n+1) \ A1.n by A1,Lm2; end; end; theorem A1 is non-descending implies for n holds A1.(n+1) = ( Partial_Diff_Union A1).(n+1) \/ A1.n proof assume A1: A1 is non-descending; thus for n holds A1.(n+1) = (Partial_Diff_Union A1).(n+1) \/ A1.n proof let n; A2: A1.n c= A1.(n+1) by A1,PROB_2:7; thus (Partial_Diff_Union A1).(n+1) \/ A1.n = (A1.(n+1) \ (Partial_Union A1 ).n) \/ A1.n by PROB_3:def 3 .= (A1.(n+1) \ A1.n) \/ A1.n by A1,Lm2 .= A1.(n+1) \/ A1.n by XBOOLE_1:39 .= A1.(n+1) by A2,XBOOLE_1:12; end; end; theorem Th18: A1 is non-descending implies for n holds (Partial_Diff_Union A1) .(n+1) misses A1.n proof assume A1: A1 is non-descending; let n; (Partial_Diff_Union A1).(n+1) = A1.(n+1) \ A1.n by A1,Th16; hence thesis by XBOOLE_1:79; end; theorem XSeq is non-descending implies Partial_Union XSeq = XSeq by Th15; theorem XSeq is non-descending implies (Partial_Diff_Union XSeq).0 = XSeq.0 & for n holds (Partial_Diff_Union XSeq).(n+1) = XSeq.(n+1) \ XSeq.n by Th16; theorem XSeq is non-descending implies for n holds (Partial_Diff_Union XSeq). (n+1) misses XSeq.n by Th18; definition let Omega,Sigma,P; pred P is_complete Sigma means :Def3: for A being Subset of Omega for B being set st B in Sigma holds (A c= B & P.B=0 implies A in Sigma); end; theorem P is_complete Sigma iff P2M(P) is_complete Sigma proof hereby assume P is_complete Sigma; then for A being Subset of Omega for B being set st B in Sigma holds (A c= B & (P2M P).B = 0. implies A in Sigma) by Def3; hence P2M(P) is_complete Sigma by MEASURE3:def 1; end; assume P2M(P) is_complete Sigma; then for A being Subset of Omega for B being set st B in Sigma holds (A c= B & P.B=0 implies A in Sigma) by MEASURE3:def 1; hence thesis by Def3; end; definition let Omega,Sigma,P; mode thin of P -> Subset of Omega means :Def4: ex A being set st A in Sigma & it c= A & P.A = 0; existence proof reconsider B = {} as Subset of Omega by XBOOLE_1:2; take B; take A={}; thus A in Sigma by PROB_1:4; thus B c= A; thus thesis by VALUED_0:def 19; end; end; theorem Th23: for Y being Subset of Omega holds Y is thin of P iff Y is thin of P2M(P) proof let Y be Subset of Omega; hereby assume Y is thin of P; then ex A be set st A in Sigma & Y c= A & P.A = 0 by Def4; hence Y is thin of P2M(P) by MEASURE3:def 2; end; assume Y is thin of P2M(P); then ex B be set st B in Sigma & Y c= B & (P2M(P)).B = 0. by MEASURE3:def 2; hence thesis by Def4; end; theorem Th24: {} is thin of P proof P.{} = 0 & {} in Sigma by PROB_1:4,VALUED_0:def 19; hence thesis by Def4; end; theorem Th25: for B1,B2 being set st B1 in Sigma & B2 in Sigma holds for C1,C2 being thin of P holds B1 \/ C1 = B2 \/ C2 implies P.B1 = P.B2 proof let B1,B2 be set; assume A1: B1 in Sigma & B2 in Sigma; let C1,C2 be thin of P; assume A2: B1 \/ C1 = B2 \/ C2; then A3: B1 c= B2 \/ C2 by XBOOLE_1:7; A4: B2 c= B1 \/ C1 by A2,XBOOLE_1:7; consider D1 being set such that A5: D1 in Sigma and A6: C1 c= D1 and A7: P.D1 = 0 by Def4; A8: B1 \/ C1 c= B1 \/ D1 by A6,XBOOLE_1:9; consider D2 being set such that A9: D2 in Sigma and A10: C2 c= D2 and A11: P.D2 = 0 by Def4; A12: B2 \/ C2 c= B2 \/ D2 by A10,XBOOLE_1:9; reconsider B1,B2,D1,D2 as Event of Sigma by A1,A5,A9; A13: P.(B1 \/ D1) <= P.B1 + P.D1 by PROB_1:39; P.B2 <= P.(B1 \/ D1) by A4,A8,PROB_1:34,XBOOLE_1:1; then A14: P.B2 <= P.B1 by A7,A13,XXREAL_0:2; A15: P.(B2 \/ D2) <= P.B2 + P.D2 by PROB_1:39; P.B1 <= P.(B2 \/ D2) by A3,A12,PROB_1:34,XBOOLE_1:1; then P.B1 <= P.B2 by A11,A15,XXREAL_0:2; hence thesis by A14,XXREAL_0:1; end; definition let Omega,Sigma,P; func COM(Sigma,P) -> non empty Subset-Family of Omega means :Def5: for A being set holds A in it iff ex B being set st B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C; existence proof A1: {} is thin of P by Th24; A2: for A being set st A = {} holds ex B being set st B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C proof let A be set; consider B being set such that A3: B = {} and A4: B in Sigma by PROB_1:4; consider C being thin of P such that A5: C = {} by A1; assume A = {}; then A = B \/ C by A3,A5; hence thesis by A4; end; defpred P[set] means for A being set st A = $1 holds ex B being set st B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C; consider D being set such that A6: for y being set holds y in D iff y in bool Omega & P[y] from XBOOLE_0:sch 1; A7: for A being set holds (A in D iff ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C) ) proof let A be set; A8: A in D iff (A in bool Omega & for y being set holds (y = A implies ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st y = B \/ C) )) by A6; (ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C) ) implies A in D proof assume A9: ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C); then A c= Omega by XBOOLE_1:8; hence thesis by A8,A9; end; hence thesis by A6; end; A10: D c= bool Omega proof let x be set; assume x in D; hence thesis by A6; end; {} c= Omega by XBOOLE_1:2; then reconsider D as non empty Subset-Family of Omega by A6,A10,A2; take D; thus thesis by A7; end; uniqueness proof let D1,D2 be non empty Subset-Family of Omega such that A11: for A being set holds (A in D1 iff ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C) ) and A12: for A being set holds (A in D2 iff ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C) ); for A being set holds A in D1 iff A in D2 proof let A be set; thus A in D1 implies A in D2 proof assume A in D1; then ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C) by A11; hence thesis by A12; end; assume A in D2; then ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C) by A12; hence thesis by A11; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:1; end; end; theorem Th26: for C being thin of P holds C in COM(Sigma,P) proof let C be thin of P; reconsider B = {} as Element of Sigma by PROB_1:4; B \/ C in COM(Sigma,P) by Def5; hence thesis; end; theorem Th27: COM(Sigma,P) = COM(Sigma,P2M P) proof A1: COM( Sigma,P2M P) c= COM(Sigma,P) proof let x; assume x in COM( Sigma,P2M P); then consider B being set such that A2: B in Sigma and A3: ex C being thin of P2M(P) st x = B \/ C by MEASURE3:def 3; consider C being thin of P2M(P) such that A4: x = B \/ C by A3; reconsider C1=C as thin of P by Th23; x = B \/ C1 by A4; hence thesis by A2,Def5; end; COM(Sigma,P) c= COM(Sigma,P2M P) proof let x; assume x in COM(Sigma,P); then consider B being set such that A5: B in Sigma and A6: ex C being thin of P st x = B \/ C by Def5; consider C being thin of P such that A7: x = B \/ C by A6; reconsider C1=C as thin of P2M(P) by Th23; x = B \/ C1 by A7; hence thesis by A5,MEASURE3:def 3; end; hence thesis by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; definition let Omega,Sigma,P; let A be Element of COM(Sigma,P); func P_COM2M_COM(A) -> Element of COM(Sigma,P2M(P)) equals A; correctness by Th27; end; theorem Th28: Sigma c= COM(Sigma,P) proof reconsider C={} as thin of P by Th24; let A be set such that A1: A in Sigma; A = A \/ C; hence thesis by A1,Def5; end; definition let Omega,Sigma,P; let A be Element of COM(Sigma,P); func ProbPart(A) -> non empty Subset-Family of Omega means :Def7: for B being set holds (B in it iff B in Sigma & B c= A & A \ B is thin of P ); existence proof defpred P[set] means for t being set holds t = $1 implies t in Sigma & t c= A & A \ t is thin of P; consider D being set such that A1: for t being set holds t in D iff t in bool Omega & P[t] from XBOOLE_0:sch 1; A2: for B being set holds B in D iff B in Sigma & B c= A & A \ B is thin of P proof let B be set; B in Sigma & B c= A & A \ B is thin of P implies B in D proof assume that A3: B in Sigma and A4: B c= A & A \ B is thin of P; for t being set holds t = B implies t in Sigma & t c= A & A \ t is thin of P by A3,A4; hence thesis by A1,A3; end; hence thesis by A1; end; A5: D c= bool Omega proof let B be set; assume B in D; then B in Sigma by A2; hence thesis; end; D <> {} proof consider B being set such that A6: B in Sigma and A7: ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C by Def5; consider C being thin of P such that A8: A = B \/ C by A7; consider E being set such that A9: E in Sigma and A10: C c= E and A11: P.E = 0 by Def4; A \ B = C \ B by A8,XBOOLE_1:40; then A \ B c= C by XBOOLE_1:36; then A \ B c= E by A10,XBOOLE_1:1; then A12: A \ B is thin of P by A9,A11,Def4; B c= A by A8,XBOOLE_1:7; hence thesis by A2,A6,A12; end; then reconsider D as non empty Subset-Family of Omega by A5; take D; thus thesis by A2; end; uniqueness proof let D1,D2 be non empty Subset-Family of Omega such that A13: for B being set holds B in D1 iff B in Sigma & B c= A & A \ B is thin of P and A14: for B being set holds B in D2 iff B in Sigma & B c= A & A \ B is thin of P; for B being set holds B in D1 iff B in D2 proof let B be set; thus B in D1 implies B in D2 proof assume A15: B in D1; then A16: A \ B is thin of P by A13; B in Sigma & B c= A by A13,A15; hence thesis by A14,A16; end; assume A17: B in D2; then A18: A \ B is thin of P by A14; B in Sigma & B c= A by A14,A17; hence thesis by A13,A18; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:1; end; end; theorem for A being Element of COM(Sigma,P) holds ProbPart(A) = MeasPart( P_COM2M_COM(A)) proof let A be Element of COM(Sigma,P); A1: MeasPart(P_COM2M_COM(A)) c= ProbPart(A) proof let x be set such that A2: x in MeasPart(P_COM2M_COM A); P_COM2M_COM(A) \ x is thin of P2M(P) by A2,MEASURE3:def 4; then A3: A \ x is thin of P by Th23; x in Sigma & x c= P_COM2M_COM(A) by A2,MEASURE3:def 4; hence thesis by A3,Def7; end; ProbPart(A) c= MeasPart(P_COM2M_COM(A)) proof let x be set such that A4: x in ProbPart(A); A \ x is thin of P by A4,Def7; then A5: P_COM2M_COM(A) \ x is thin of P2M(P) by Th23; x in Sigma & x c= A by A4,Def7; hence thesis by A5,MEASURE3:def 4; end; hence thesis by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; theorem for A being Element of COM(Sigma,P) holds for A1,A2 being set st A1 in ProbPart(A) & A2 in ProbPart(A) holds P.A1 = P.A2 proof let A be Element of COM(Sigma,P); let A1,A2 be set such that A1: A1 in ProbPart(A) and A2: A2 in ProbPart(A); reconsider C1 = A \ A1, C2 = A \ A2 as thin of P by A1,A2,Def7; A3: A2 c= A by A2,Def7; A1 c= A by A1,Def7; then A4: A1 \/ C1 = A by XBOOLE_1:45 .= A2 \/ C2 by A3,XBOOLE_1:45; A1 in Sigma & A2 in Sigma by A1,A2,Def7; hence thesis by A4,Th25; end; theorem Th31: for F being Function of NAT,COM(Sigma,P) holds ex BSeq being SetSequence of Sigma st for n holds BSeq.n in ProbPart(F.n) proof let F be Function of NAT,COM(Sigma,P); defpred P[Element of NAT, set] means for n being Element of NAT for y being set holds (n = $1 & y = $2 implies y in ProbPart(F.n)); A1: for t being Element of NAT ex A being Element of Sigma st P[t,A] proof let t be Element of NAT; set A = the Element of ProbPart(F.t); reconsider A as Element of Sigma by Def7; take A; thus thesis; end; ex G being Function of NAT,Sigma st for t being Element of NAT holds P[t ,G.t] from FUNCT_2:sch 3(A1); then consider G being Function of NAT,Sigma such that A2: for t being Element of NAT holds for n being Element of NAT for y being set holds (n = t & y = G.t implies y in ProbPart(F.n)); reconsider BSeq = G as SetSequence of Omega by FUNCT_2:7; reconsider BSeq as SetSequence of Sigma; take BSeq; thus thesis by A2; end; theorem Th32: for F being Function of NAT,COM(Sigma,P), BSeq being SetSequence of Sigma holds ex CSeq being SetSequence of Omega st for n holds CSeq.n = F.n \ BSeq.n proof let F be Function of NAT,COM(Sigma,P), G be SetSequence of Sigma; defpred P[Element of NAT, set] means for n being Element of NAT for y being set holds (n = $1 & y = $2 implies y = F.n \ G.n); A1: for t being Element of NAT ex A being Element of bool Omega st P[t,A] proof let t be Element of NAT; F.t is Element of COM(Sigma,P); then reconsider A = F.t \ G.t as Element of bool Omega by XBOOLE_1:1; take A; thus thesis; end; ex H being Function of NAT,bool Omega st for t being Element of NAT holds P[t,H.t] from FUNCT_2:sch 3(A1); then consider H being Function of NAT,bool Omega such that A2: for t being Element of NAT holds for n being Element of NAT for y being set holds n = t & y = H.t implies y = F.n \ G.n; take H; thus thesis by A2; end; theorem Th33: for BSeq being SetSequence of Omega st (for n holds BSeq.n is thin of P) holds ex CSeq being SetSequence of Sigma st for n holds BSeq.n c= CSeq.n & P.(CSeq.n) = 0 proof let BSeq be SetSequence of Omega; defpred P[Element of NAT, set] means for n being Element of NAT for y being set holds (n = $1 & y = $2 implies y in Sigma & BSeq.n c= y & P.y = 0); assume A1: for n holds BSeq.n is thin of P; A2: for t being Element of NAT ex A being Element of Sigma st P[t,A] proof let t be Element of NAT; BSeq.t is thin of P by A1; then consider A being set such that A3: A in Sigma and A4: BSeq.t c= A & P.A = 0 by Def4; reconsider A as Element of Sigma by A3; take A; thus thesis by A4; end; ex G being Function of NAT,Sigma st for t being Element of NAT holds P[t ,G.t] from FUNCT_2:sch 3(A2); then consider G being Function of NAT,Sigma such that A5: for t being Element of NAT holds for n being Element of NAT for y being set holds (n = t & y = G.t implies y in Sigma & BSeq.n c= y & P.y = 0); reconsider CSeq = G as SetSequence of Omega by FUNCT_2:7; reconsider CSeq as SetSequence of Sigma; take CSeq; thus thesis by A5; end; theorem Th34: for D being non empty Subset-Family of Omega holds (for A being set holds (A in D iff ex B being set st B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C)) implies D is SigmaField of Omega proof let D be non empty Subset-Family of Omega; assume A1: for A being set holds A in D iff ex B being set st B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C; A2: for A1 being SetSequence of Omega st rng A1 c= D holds Union A1 in D proof let A1 be SetSequence of Omega; reconsider F = A1 as Function of NAT,bool Omega; A3: dom F = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; assume A4: rng A1 c= D; A5: for n holds ex B being set st B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st F. n = B \/ C proof let n; F.n in rng F by NAT_1:51; hence thesis by A1,A4; end; for n holds F.n in COM(Sigma,P) proof let n; ex B being set st (B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st F.n = B \/ C) by A5; hence thesis by Def5; end; then for n being set st n in NAT holds F.n in COM(Sigma,P); then reconsider F as Function of NAT,COM(Sigma,P) by A3,FUNCT_2:3; consider BSeq being SetSequence of Sigma such that A6: for n holds BSeq.n in ProbPart(F.n) by Th31; consider CSeq being SetSequence of Omega such that A7: for n holds CSeq.n = F.n \ BSeq.n by Th32; A8: for n being Element of NAT holds BSeq.n in Sigma & BSeq.n c= F.n & F. n \ BSeq.n is thin of P proof let n be Element of NAT; BSeq.n in ProbPart(F.n) by A6; hence thesis by Def7; end; for n holds CSeq.n is thin of P proof let n be Element of NAT; F.n \ BSeq.n is thin of P by A8; hence thesis by A7; end; then consider DSeq being SetSequence of Sigma such that A9: for n holds CSeq.n c= DSeq.n & P.(DSeq.n) = 0 by Th33; A10: Union A1 = union rng A1 by CARD_3:def 4; ex B being set st B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st Union A1 = B \/ C proof set B = union rng BSeq; take B; A11: union rng BSeq c= union rng F proof let x be set; assume x in union rng BSeq; then consider Z being set such that A12: x in Z and A13: Z in rng BSeq by TARSKI:def 4; dom BSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; then consider n being set such that A14: n in NAT and A15: Z = BSeq.n by A13,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider n as Element of NAT by A14; set P = F.n; A16: BSeq.n c= P by A8; ex P being set st P in rng F & x in P proof take P; thus thesis by A3,A12,A15,A16,FUNCT_1:def 3; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:def 4; end; A17: ex C being thin of P st Union A1 = B \/ C proof set C = Union A1 \ B; Union DSeq in Sigma by PROB_1:17; then A18: union rng DSeq in Sigma by CARD_3:def 4; A19: C c= union rng CSeq proof let x be set; assume A20: x in C; then x in union rng F by A10,XBOOLE_0:def 5; then consider Z being set such that A21: x in Z and A22: Z in rng F by TARSKI:def 4; consider n being set such that A23: n in NAT and A24: Z = F.n by A3,A22,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider n as Element of NAT by A23; A25: not x in union rng BSeq by A20,XBOOLE_0:def 5; not x in BSeq.n proof dom BSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; then A26: BSeq.n in rng BSeq by FUNCT_1:def 3; assume x in BSeq.n; hence thesis by A25,A26,TARSKI:def 4; end; then A27: x in F.n \ BSeq.n by A21,A24,XBOOLE_0:def 5; ex Z being set st x in Z & Z in rng CSeq proof take CSeq.n; dom CSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; hence thesis by A7,A27,FUNCT_1:def 3; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:def 4; end; for A being set holds A in rng DSeq implies P.A = 0 proof let A be set; A28: dom DSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; assume A in rng DSeq; then ex n being set st n in NAT & A = DSeq.n by A28,FUNCT_1:def 3; hence thesis by A9; end; then A29: P.(union rng DSeq) = 0 by Th8; union rng CSeq c= union rng DSeq proof let x be set; assume x in union rng CSeq; then consider Z being set such that A30: x in Z and A31: Z in rng CSeq by TARSKI:def 4; dom CSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; then consider n being set such that A32: n in NAT and A33: Z = CSeq.n by A31,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider n as Element of NAT by A32; n in dom DSeq by A32,FUNCT_2:def 1; then A34: DSeq.n in rng DSeq by FUNCT_1:def 3; CSeq.n c= DSeq.n by A9; hence thesis by A30,A33,A34,TARSKI:def 4; end; then C c= union rng DSeq by A19,XBOOLE_1:1; then A35: C is thin of P by A29,A18,Def4; Union A1 = C \/ union rng F /\ union rng BSeq by A10,XBOOLE_1:51 .= B \/ C by A11,XBOOLE_1:28; then consider C being thin of P such that A36: Union A1 = B \/ C by A35; take C; thus thesis by A36; end; Union BSeq in Sigma by PROB_1:17; hence thesis by A17,CARD_3:def 4; end; hence thesis by A1; end; for A being Subset of Omega holds A in D implies A` in D proof let A be Subset of Omega; assume A37: A in D; ex Q being set st Q in Sigma & ex W being thin of P st Omega \ A = Q \/ W proof consider B being set such that A38: B in Sigma and A39: ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C by A1,A37; consider C being thin of P such that A40: A = B \/ C by A39; reconsider B as Subset of Omega by A38; set H = Omega \ B; consider G being set such that A41: G in Sigma and A42: C c= G and A43: P.G = 0 by Def4; set Q = H \ G; A44: Omega \ A = H \ C by A40,XBOOLE_1:41; A45: ex W being thin of P st Omega \ A = Q \/ W proof set W = H /\ (G \ C); W c= H by XBOOLE_1:17; then reconsider W as Subset of Omega by XBOOLE_1:1; reconsider W as thin of P by A41,A43,Def4; take W; thus thesis by A42,A44,Lm1; end; take Q; B` in Sigma by A38,PROB_1:def 1; hence thesis by A41,A45,PROB_1:6; end; hence thesis by A1; end; hence thesis by A2,Th4; end; registration let Omega,Sigma,P; cluster COM(Sigma,P) -> compl-closed sigma-multiplicative; coherence proof for A being set holds (A in COM(Sigma,P) iff ex B being set st B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st A=B \/ C ) by Def5; hence thesis by Th34; end; end; definition let Omega,Sigma,P; redefine mode thin of P -> Event of COM(Sigma,P); coherence by Th26; end; theorem Th35: for A being set holds (A in COM(Sigma,P) iff ex A1,A2 being set st A1 in Sigma & A2 in Sigma & A1 c= A & A c= A2 & P.(A2 \ A1) = 0) proof let A be set; thus A in COM(Sigma,P) implies ex A1,A2 being set st A1 in Sigma & A2 in Sigma & A1 c= A & A c= A2 & P.(A2 \ A1) = 0 proof assume A in COM(Sigma,P); then consider B being set such that A1: B in Sigma and A2: ex C being thin of P st A = B \/ C by Def5; consider C being thin of P such that A3: A = B \/ C by A2; reconsider B as Event of Sigma by A1; consider D being set such that A4: D in Sigma and A5: C c= D and A6: P.D = 0 by Def4; reconsider D as Event of Sigma by A4; reconsider E = D \/ B as Event of Sigma; A7: P.(D \/ B) <= P.D + P.B by PROB_1:39; P.(E \ B) = P.(D \ B) by XBOOLE_1:40 .= P.(D \/ B) - P.B by Th5; then P.(E \ B) <= 0 by A6,A7,XREAL_1:47; then A8: P.(E \ B) = 0 by PROB_1:def 8; A c= E by A3,A5,XBOOLE_1:9; hence thesis by A2,A8,XBOOLE_1:7; end; thus (ex A1,A2 being set st A1 in Sigma & A2 in Sigma & A1 c= A & A c= A2 & P.(A2 \ A1) = 0) implies A in COM(Sigma,P) proof given A1,A2 being set such that A9: A1 in Sigma and A10: A2 in Sigma and A11: A1 c= A and A12: A c= A2 and A13: P.(A2 \ A1) = 0; reconsider A2 as Element of Sigma by A10; reconsider A1 as Element of Sigma by A9; set C = A \ A1; A14: C is thin of P proof reconsider D = A2 \ A1 as Element of Sigma; A15: C c= D proof let x; assume x in C; then x in A & not x in A1 by XBOOLE_0:def 5; hence thesis by A12,XBOOLE_0:def 5; end; then C c= Omega by XBOOLE_1:1; hence thesis by A13,A15,Def4; end; A = A1 \/ C by A11,XBOOLE_1:45; hence thesis by A14,Def5; end; end; theorem for C being non empty Subset-Family of Omega holds (for A being set holds (A in C iff ex A1,A2 being set st A1 in Sigma & A2 in Sigma & A1 c= A & A c= A2 & P.(A2 \ A1) = 0)) implies C = COM(Sigma,P) proof let C be non empty Subset-Family of Omega; assume A1: for A being set holds (A in C iff ex A1,A2 being set st A1 in Sigma & A2 in Sigma & A1 c= A & A c= A2 & P.(A2 \ A1) = 0); now let A be set; A in C iff ex A1,A2 being set st A1 in Sigma & A2 in Sigma & A1 c= A & A c= A2 & P.(A2 \ A1) = 0 by A1; hence A in C iff A in COM(Sigma,P) by Th35; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:1; end; definition let Omega,Sigma,P; func COM(P) -> Probability of COM(Sigma,P) means :Def8: for B being set st B in Sigma for C being thin of P holds it.(B \/ C) = P.B; existence proof reconsider C = {} as thin of P by Th24; defpred P[set,set] means for x,y being set st x in COM(Sigma,P) holds (x = $1 & y = $2 implies (for B being set st B in Sigma for C being thin of P holds (x = B \/ C implies y = P.B))); set B = {}; A1: {} is thin of P by Th24; A2: for x being set st x in COM(Sigma,P) ex y being set st y in REAL & P[x ,y] proof let x be set; assume x in COM(Sigma,P); then consider B being set such that A3: B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st x = B \/ C by Def5; take P.B; thus thesis by A3,Th25,FUNCT_2:5; end; consider comP being Function of COM(Sigma,P),REAL such that A4: for x being set st x in COM(Sigma,P) holds P[x,comP.x] from FUNCT_2:sch 1(A2); A5: for B being set st B in Sigma for C being thin of P holds comP.(B \/ C ) = P.B proof let B be set; assume A6: B in Sigma; let C be thin of P; B \/ C in COM(Sigma,P) by A6,Def5; hence thesis by A4,A6; end; A7: for BSeq being SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) st BSeq is disjoint_valued holds Sum(comP * BSeq) = comP.(Union BSeq) proof let BSeq be SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) such that A8: BSeq is disjoint_valued; reconsider F = BSeq as Function of NAT,bool Omega; rng F c= COM(Sigma,P) by RELAT_1:def 19; then reconsider F as Function of NAT,COM(Sigma,P) by FUNCT_2:6; consider CSeq being SetSequence of Sigma such that A9: for n holds CSeq.n in ProbPart(F.n) by Th31; consider B being set such that A10: B = union rng CSeq; Union CSeq in Sigma by PROB_1:17; then reconsider B as Element of Sigma by A10,CARD_3:def 4; consider DSeq being SetSequence of Omega such that A11: for n holds DSeq.n = F.n \ CSeq.n by Th32; A12: for n being Element of NAT holds CSeq.n in Sigma & CSeq.n c= F.n & F.n \ CSeq.n is thin of P proof let n be Element of NAT; CSeq.n in ProbPart(F.n) by A9; hence thesis by Def7; end; for n being Element of NAT holds DSeq.n is thin of P proof let n be Element of NAT; F.n \ CSeq.n is thin of P by A12; hence thesis by A11; end; then consider ESeq being SetSequence of Sigma such that A13: for n holds DSeq.n c= ESeq.n & P.(ESeq.n) = 0 by Th33; A14: dom BSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; A15: B c= union rng F proof let x be set; assume x in B; then consider Z being set such that A16: x in Z and A17: Z in rng CSeq by A10,TARSKI:def 4; dom CSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; then consider n being set such that A18: n in NAT and A19: Z = CSeq.n by A17,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider n as Element of NAT by A18; set P = F.n; A20: CSeq.n c= P by A12; ex P being set st P in rng F & x in P proof take P; thus thesis by A14,A16,A19,A20,FUNCT_1:def 3; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:def 4; end; A21: ex C being thin of P st union rng F = B \/ C proof set C = union rng F \ B; A22: union rng F = C \/ union rng F /\ B by XBOOLE_1:51 .= B \/ C by A15,XBOOLE_1:28; reconsider C as Subset of Omega; A23: C c= union rng DSeq proof let x be set; assume A24: x in C; then x in union rng F by XBOOLE_0:def 5; then consider Z being set such that A25: x in Z and A26: Z in rng F by TARSKI:def 4; consider n being set such that A27: n in NAT and A28: Z = F.n by A14,A26,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider n as Element of NAT by A27; A29: not x in union rng CSeq by A10,A24,XBOOLE_0:def 5; not x in CSeq.n proof dom CSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; then A30: CSeq.n in rng CSeq by FUNCT_1:def 3; assume x in CSeq.n; hence thesis by A29,A30,TARSKI:def 4; end; then A31: x in F.n \ CSeq.n by A25,A28,XBOOLE_0:def 5; ex Z being set st x in Z & Z in rng DSeq proof take DSeq.n; dom DSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; hence thesis by A11,A31,FUNCT_1:def 3; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:def 4; end; for A being set holds A in rng ESeq implies P.A = 0 proof let A be set; A32: dom ESeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; assume A in rng ESeq; then ex n being set st n in NAT & A = ESeq.n by A32,FUNCT_1:def 3; hence thesis by A13; end; then A33: P.(union rng ESeq) = 0 by Th8; Union ESeq in Sigma by PROB_1:17; then A34: union rng ESeq in Sigma by CARD_3:def 4; union rng DSeq c= union rng ESeq proof let x be set; assume x in union rng DSeq; then consider Z being set such that A35: x in Z and A36: Z in rng DSeq by TARSKI:def 4; dom DSeq = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1; then consider n being set such that A37: n in NAT and A38: Z = DSeq.n by A36,FUNCT_1:def 3; reconsider n as Element of NAT by A37; n in dom ESeq by A37,FUNCT_2:def 1; then A39: ESeq.n in rng ESeq by FUNCT_1:def 3; DSeq.n c= ESeq.n by A13; hence thesis by A35,A38,A39,TARSKI:def 4; end; then C c= union rng ESeq by A23,XBOOLE_1:1; then C is thin of P by A34,A33,Def4; then consider C being thin of P such that A40: union rng F = B \/ C by A22; take C; thus thesis by A40; end; for n,m being set st n <> m holds CSeq.n misses CSeq.m proof let n,m be set; A41: dom F = NAT by FUNCT_2:def 1 .= dom CSeq by FUNCT_2:def 1; for n being set holds CSeq.n c= F.n proof let n be set; per cases; suppose n in dom F; hence thesis by A12; end; suppose A42: not n in dom F; then F.n = {} by FUNCT_1:def 2 .= CSeq.n by A41,A42,FUNCT_1:def 2; hence thesis; end; end; then A43: CSeq.n c= F.n & CSeq.m c= F.m; assume n <> m; then F.n misses F.m by A8,PROB_2:def 2; then F.n /\ F.m = {} by XBOOLE_0:def 7; then CSeq.n /\ CSeq.m = {} by A43,XBOOLE_1:3,27; hence thesis by XBOOLE_0:def 7; end; then A44: CSeq is disjoint_valued by PROB_2:def 2; Sum(comP*F) = comP.(Union F) proof A45: for n holds comP.(F.n) = P.(CSeq.n) proof let n; F.n \ CSeq.n is thin of P by A12; then consider C being thin of P such that A46: C = F.n \ CSeq.n; F.n = (F.n /\ CSeq.n) \/ (F.n \ CSeq.n) by XBOOLE_1:51 .= CSeq.n \/ C by A12,A46,XBOOLE_1:28; hence thesis by A5; end; for x being Element of NAT holds (comP*F).x = (P*CSeq).x proof let x be Element of NAT; (comP*F).x = comP.(F.x) by FUNCT_2:15 .= P.(CSeq.x) by A45 .= (P*CSeq).x by FUNCT_2:15; hence thesis; end; then A47: Sum(comP*F) = Sum(P*CSeq) by FUNCT_2:63; comP.(union rng F) = P.(union rng CSeq) by A5,A10,A21; then comP.(Union F) = P.(union rng CSeq) by CARD_3:def 4 .= P.(Union CSeq) by CARD_3:def 4; hence thesis by A44,A47,PROB_3:46; end; hence thesis; end; A48: for x being Element of COM(Sigma,P) holds comP.x >= 0 proof let x be Element of COM(Sigma,P); consider B being set such that A49: B in Sigma and A50: ex C being thin of P st x = B \/ C by Def5; reconsider B as Element of Sigma by A49; comP.x = P.B by A4,A50; hence thesis by PROB_1:def 8; end; {} = B \/ C; then A51: comP.{} = P.{} by A5,PROB_1:4 .= 0 by VALUED_0:def 19; A52: for A,B being Event of COM(Sigma,P) st A misses B holds comP.(A \/ B) = comP.A + comP.B proof let A,B be Event of COM(Sigma,P) such that A53: A misses B; reconsider A1=A, B1=B as Subset of Omega; reconsider BSeq = (A1,B1) followed_by {}Omega as SetSequence of Omega; A54: BSeq.1 = B by FUNCT_7:123; A55: BSeq.0 = A by FUNCT_7:122; for n being Nat holds BSeq.n in COM(Sigma,P) proof let n be Nat; per cases; suppose n = 0; hence thesis by A55; end; suppose n <> 0; then n >= 1 by NAT_1:14; then A56: n + 1 > 1 by NAT_1:13; per cases by A56,NAT_1:22; suppose n > 1; then BSeq.n = {} by FUNCT_7:124; hence thesis by PROB_1:4; end; suppose n = 1; hence thesis by A54; end; end; end; then rng BSeq c= COM(Sigma,P) by NAT_1:52; then reconsider BSeq as SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) by RELAT_1:def 19; for m st 2<=m holds Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).m = comP.A + comP.B proof A57: Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).0 = (comP * BSeq).0 by SERIES_1:def 1 .= comP.A by A55,FUNCT_2:15; 0+1=1; then A58: Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).1 = Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).0 + ( comP * BSeq).1 by SERIES_1:def 1 .= comP.A + comP.B by A54,A57,FUNCT_2:15; A59: for n holds Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).(2+n) = comP.A + comP.B proof defpred P[Element of NAT] means Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).(2+$1) = comP.A + comP.B; A60: for k st P[k] holds P[k+1] proof let k such that A61: P[k]; A62: 2+k+1 > 0+1 by XREAL_1:8; thus Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).(2+(k+1)) = Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).(2+k) + (comP * BSeq).(2+k+1) by SERIES_1:def 1 .= comP.A + comP.B + comP.(BSeq.(2+k+1)) by A61,FUNCT_2:15 .= comP.A + comP.B + comP.{} by A62,FUNCT_7:124 .= comP.A + comP.B by A51; end; 2=1+1; then Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).(2+0) = Partial_Sums(comP * BSeq).1+ (comP * BSeq).2 by SERIES_1:def 1 .= comP.A + comP.B + comP.(BSeq.2) by A58,FUNCT_2:15 .= comP.A + comP.B + comP.{} by FUNCT_7:124 .= comP.A + comP.B by A51; then A63: P[0]; thus for k holds P[k] from NAT_1:sch 1(A63,A60); end; let m; assume 2 <= m; then consider k being Nat such that A64: m=2+k by NAT_1:10; k in NAT by ORDINAL1:def 12; hence thesis by A59,A64; end; then A65: Union BSeq = A \/ B & Sum(comP * BSeq) = comP.A + comP.B by DYNKIN:3 ,PROB_1:1; BSeq is disjoint_valued by A53,Th3; hence thesis by A7,A65; end; A66: for A,B being Event of COM(Sigma,P) st A c= B holds comP.(B \ A) = comP.B - comP.A proof let A,B be Event of COM(Sigma,P); assume A67: A c= B; comP.A + comP.(B \ A) = comP.(A \/ (B \ A)) by A52,XBOOLE_1:79 .= comP.B by A67,XBOOLE_1:45; hence thesis; end; A68: for A,B being Event of COM(Sigma,P) st A c= B holds comP.A <= comP.B proof let A,B be Event of COM(Sigma,P); assume A c= B; then comP.(B \ A) = comP.B - comP.A by A66; then 0 <= comP.B - comP.A by A48; then 0 + comP.A <= comP.B by XREAL_1:19; hence thesis; end; A69: for BSeq being SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) st BSeq is non-descending holds comP * BSeq is non-decreasing proof let BSeq be SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) such that A70: BSeq is non-descending; for n,m st n <= m holds (comP * BSeq).n <= (comP * BSeq).m proof let n,m; assume n <= m; then BSeq.n c= BSeq.m by A70,PROB_1:def 5; then comP.(BSeq.n) <= comP.(BSeq.m) by A68; then (comP * BSeq).n <= comP.(BSeq.m) by FUNCT_2:15; hence thesis by FUNCT_2:15; end; hence thesis by SEQM_3:6; end; A71: comP.Omega = comP.(B \/ Omega) .= P.Omega by A5,A1,PROB_1:5 .= 1 by PROB_1:def 8; A72: for A being Event of COM(Sigma,P) holds comP.A <= 1 proof reconsider B = Omega as Event of COM(Sigma,P) by PROB_1:23; let A be Event of COM(Sigma,P); comP.A <= comP.B by A68; hence thesis by A71; end; A73: for BSeq being SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) for n holds (comP*BSeq).n <= 1 proof let BSeq be SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P); let n; (comP*BSeq).n = comP.(BSeq.n) by FUNCT_2:15; hence thesis by A72; end; A74: for BSeq being SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) st BSeq is non-descending holds comP * BSeq is bounded_above & comP * BSeq is convergent proof let BSeq be SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P); assume BSeq is non-descending; then A75: comP * BSeq is non-decreasing by A69; for n holds (comP * BSeq).n < 2 proof let n; (comP * BSeq).n + 0 < 1 + 1 by A73,XREAL_1:8; hence thesis; end; hence comP * BSeq is bounded_above by SEQ_2:def 3; hence thesis by A75; end; for BSeq being SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) st BSeq is non-descending holds comP * BSeq is convergent & lim (comP * BSeq) = comP.Union BSeq proof let BSeq be SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P) such that A76: BSeq is non-descending; reconsider CSeq=Partial_Diff_Union(BSeq) as SetSequence of COM(Sigma,P); A77: for n holds Partial_Sums(comP * CSeq).n = (comP * BSeq).n proof defpred P[Element of NAT] means Partial_Sums(comP * CSeq).$1=(comP * BSeq).$1; A78: for k st P[k] holds P[k+1] proof let k such that A79: P[k]; A80: BSeq.k c= BSeq.(k+1) by A76,PROB_2:7; thus Partial_Sums(comP * CSeq).(k+1) =(comP * BSeq).k + (comP * CSeq ).(k+1) by A79,SERIES_1:def 1 .=comP.(BSeq.k) + (comP * CSeq).(k+1) by FUNCT_2:15 .=comP.(BSeq.k) + comP.(CSeq.(k+1)) by FUNCT_2:15 .=comP.(BSeq.k \/ CSeq.(k+1)) by A52,A76,Th18 .=comP.(BSeq.k \/ (BSeq.(k+1) \ BSeq.k)) by A76,Th16 .=comP.(BSeq.k \/ BSeq.(k+1)) by XBOOLE_1:39 .=comP.(BSeq.(k+1)) by A80,XBOOLE_1:12 .=(comP * BSeq).(k+1) by FUNCT_2:15; end; Partial_Sums(comP * CSeq).0 = (comP * CSeq).0 by SERIES_1:def 1 .= comP.(CSeq.0) by FUNCT_2:15 .= comP.(BSeq.0) by A76,Th16 .= (comP * BSeq).0 by FUNCT_2:15; then A81: P[0]; thus for k holds P[k] from NAT_1:sch 1(A81,A78); end; comP.Union BSeq = comP.Union CSeq by PROB_3:36 .= Sum(comP * CSeq) by A7 .= lim Partial_Sums(comP * CSeq); hence thesis by A74,A76,A77,FUNCT_2:63; end; then reconsider comP as Probability of COM(Sigma,P) by A48,A71,A52, PROB_2:10; take comP; thus thesis by A5; end; uniqueness proof let P1,P2 be Probability of COM(Sigma,P) such that A82: for B being set st B in Sigma for C being thin of P holds P1.(B \/ C) = P.B and A83: for B being set st B in Sigma for C being thin of P holds P2.(B \/ C) = P.B; for x being set holds x in COM(Sigma,P) implies P1.x = P2.x proof let x be set; assume x in COM(Sigma,P); then consider B being set such that A84: B in Sigma & ex C being thin of P st x = B \/ C by Def5; P1.x = P.B by A82,A84 .= P2.x by A83,A84; hence thesis; end; hence thesis by FUNCT_2:12; end; end; theorem COM(P) = COM(P2M P) proof set Y = COM(P); COM(Sigma,P) = COM(Sigma,P2M P) by Th27; then reconsider Y1=P2M(Y) as sigma_Measure of COM(Sigma,P2M(P)); for B being set st B in Sigma for C being thin of P2M(P) holds Y1.(B \/ C) = (P2M(P)).B proof let B be set such that A1: B in Sigma; let C be thin of P2M(P); reconsider C1=C as thin of P by Th23; Y.(B \/ C1) = P.B by A1,Def8; hence thesis; end; hence thesis by MEASURE3:def 5; end; theorem COM(P) is_complete COM(Sigma,P) proof for A being Subset of Omega for B being set st B in COM(Sigma,P) & A c= B & (COM P).B = 0 holds A in COM(Sigma,P) proof let A be Subset of Omega; let B be set; assume A1: B in COM(Sigma,P); assume that A2: A c= B and A3: (COM P).B = 0; ex B1 being set st (B1 in Sigma & ex C1 being thin of P st A = B1 \/ C1 ) proof take {}; consider B2 being set such that A4: B2 in Sigma and A5: ex C2 being thin of P st B = B2 \/ C2 by A1,Def5; A6: P.B2 = 0 by A3,A4,A5,Def8; consider C2 being thin of P such that A7: B = B2 \/ C2 by A5; set C1 = (A /\ B2) \/ (A /\ C2); consider D2 being set such that A8: D2 in Sigma and A9: C2 c= D2 and A10: P.D2 = 0 by Def4; set O = B2 \/ D2; A /\ C2 c= C2 by XBOOLE_1:17; then A11: A /\ B2 c= B2 & A /\ C2 c= D2 by A9,XBOOLE_1:1,17; ex O being set st O in Sigma & C1 c= O & P.O = 0 proof reconsider B2,D2 as Element of Sigma by A4,A8; take O; P.(B2 \/ D2) <= 0 + 0 by A6,A10,PROB_1:39; hence thesis by A11,PROB_1:def 8,XBOOLE_1:13; end; then A12: C1 is thin of P by Def4; A = A /\ (B2 \/ C2) by A2,A7,XBOOLE_1:28 .= {} \/ C1 by XBOOLE_1:23; hence thesis by A12,PROB_1:4; end; hence thesis by Def5; end; hence thesis by Def3; end; theorem Th39: for A being Event of Sigma holds P.A = (COM P).A proof reconsider C = {} as thin of P by Th24; let A be Event of Sigma; thus P.A = (COM P).(A \/ C) by Def8 .= (COM P).A; end; theorem Th40: for C being thin of P holds (COM P).C = 0 proof let C be thin of P; consider A being set such that A1: A in Sigma and A2: C c= A and A3: P.A = 0 by Def4; reconsider A as Event of Sigma by A1; A4: (COM P).A = 0 by A3,Th39; Sigma c= COM(Sigma,P) by Th28; then reconsider A as Event of COM(Sigma,P) by A1; (COM P).C <= (COM P).A by A2,PROB_1:34; hence thesis by A4,PROB_1:def 8; end; theorem for A being Element of COM(Sigma,P), B being set st B in ProbPart(A) holds P.B = (COM P).A proof let A be Element of COM(Sigma,P), B be set such that A1: B in ProbPart(A); reconsider C = A \ B as thin of P by A1,Def7; A2: B in Sigma by A1,Def7; B c= A by A1,Def7; then A3: A = B \/ C by XBOOLE_1:45; Sigma c= COM(Sigma,P) by Th28; then reconsider B as Event of COM(Sigma,P) by A2; reconsider A as Event of COM(Sigma,P); B misses C by XBOOLE_1:79; then A4: (COM P).A = (COM P).B + (COM P).C by A3,PROB_1:def 8 .= (COM P).B + 0 by Th40 .= (COM P).B; reconsider B as Event of Sigma by A1,Def7; (COM P).A = P.B by A4,Th39; hence thesis; end;